The impact of visceral fat and levels of vitamin D on coronary artery calcification

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To evaluated calcification of the coronary arteries and its association with visceral fat and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) serum levels. METHODS: A cross sectional study involving 140 individuals without any previous diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. A biochemical analysis of vitamin D serum levels was carried out, as well as computed tomography to measure coronary artery calcium score and visceral adipose tissue. RESULTS: The mean age of the individuals was 55.9 (±12.4). Coronary artery calcium was observed in 40.7% of the population. Vitamin D presented median serum levels of 30.4 ng/ml (IQ24.5-39.1), with 14,1 and 33.7% of the individuals presenting deficiency and insufficiency, respectively. In the univariate analysis, the calcium score was more prevalent in aged patients (p<0.01), in hypertensive individuals (p<0.01), in diabetics (p=0.02), and in those with a higher concentration of VAT (p=0.02). In the adjusted analysis, it was found that the highest concentration of VAT (OR: 4.0; 95%CI 1.4-11.7), hypertension (OR: 4.8; 95%CI 1.5-15.3), and age (OR: 10.4; 95%CI 3.9-27.6) were predictors of subclinical atherosclerosis, regardless of body mass index, diabetes, and 25OHD. CONCLUSIONS: Excess visceral fat was associated with subclinical atherosclerosis, regardless of other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Serum levels of 25OHD were not associated with CAD in its early stages.

Development and validation of equations to estimate visceral adipose tissue in military men / Desenvolvimento e validação de equações de estimar o tecido adiposo visceral em militares / Desarrollo y validación de ecuaciones para estimar el tejido adiposo visceral en militares

ABSTRACT Introduction It has been suggested that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with several non-communicable chronic diseases, but measuring it is difficult. Thus, anthropometry could be used because is easily applied in clinical practice. Objectives The present study aimed to develop and validate VAT estimation equations (Eq) in military men. Methods The sample consisted of 409 (mean age, 36.5 ± 6.7 years) military men in the Brazilian Army (BA) divided into an equation group (EG) ( n = 270; mean age, 37.0 ± 6.3 years) and a validation group (VG) ( n =139; mean age, 36.0 ± 7.2 years). Anthropometric, hemodynamic and DXA body composition evaluations ( GE iLunar ) were performed. The Student's t test, Pearson's correlation, and stepwise general linear regression were applied. Bland-Altman graphics were used to assess the concordance between VAT by Eq and by DXA. The level of significance was 95% ( p < 0.05). Results Age, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference and body mass index presented the main significant positive correlations with the VAT-DXA. Four Eq were created Eq1 ( r 2 = 0.793), Eq2 ( r 2 = 0.810), Eq3 ( r 2 = 0.817), and Eq 4 ( r 2 = 0.823) ( p < 0.05). No differences were observed between VAT by DXA and VAT by Eq ( p = 0.982, p = 0.970, p = 0.495 and p = 0.698). Bland-Altman analysis also presented good concordance as the bias was close to zero and was not statistically significant. Conclusion Eq2 (age*13.0 + WC*60.0 - 4975,.5) was more suitable because it is easier to apply, has a higher predictive power (81.0%), less bias (1.86) and validation yielded average VAT values close to those found in DXA. It may still be considered a valuable tool for other extensive epidemiological studies in military men in the BA and can be used in adult men. Evidence Level I: Development of diagnostic criteria on consecutive patients (with universally applied reference ''gold'' standard).

RESUMO Introdução A literatura científica tem sugerido que o tecido adiposo visceral (TAV) está associado a doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, mas é difícil fazer sua mensuração. Assim, a antropometria pode ser empregada por ser de fácil aplicação na prática clínica. Objetivos Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver e validar equações de estimativa (Eq) do TAV em militares. Métodos A amostra consistiu em 409 (média de idade 36,5 ± 6,7 anos) militares do Exército Brasileiro (EB) divididos em Grupo equação (GE) (n = 270; média de idade 37,0 ± 6,3 anos) e Grupo validação (GV) (n = 139; média de idade 36,0 ± 7,2 anos). Foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas, hemodinâmicas e de composição corporal por DXA (GE iLunar). O teste t de Student, a correlação de Pearson e a regressão linear geral Stepwise foram aplicados. Os gráficos de Bland-Altman foram usados para avaliar a concordância entre os resultados de TAV pela Eq e por DXA. O nível de significância adotado foi de 95% (p <0,05). Resultados Idade, circunferência da cintura (CC), circunferência do quadril e o índice de massa corporal apresentaram as principais correlações positivas e significativas com TAV-DXA. Foram criadas quatro equações: Eq1 (r2 = 0,793), Eq2 (r2 = 0,810), Eq3 (r2 = 0,817) e Eq 4 (r2 = 0,823), p < 0,05. Não foram observadas diferenças entre o TAV por DXA pelas Eq (p = 0,982, p = 0,970, p = 0,495 e p = 0,698). A análise de Bland-Altman também apresentou boa concordância, porque o viés foi próximo de zero e não estatisticamente significativo. Conclusões A Eq2 (idade*13,0 + CC*60,0 - 4975,5) foi mais adequada, porque é mais fácil de aplicar, tem maior poder preditivo (81,0%), menor viés (1,86) e a validação forneceu valores médios de TAV próximos aos encontrados no DXA. Além disso, pode ser considerada uma ferramenta valiosa para outros estudos epidemiológicos extensos em militares do EB e pode ser usada em homens adultos. Nível de Evidência I; Teste de critérios diagnósticos desenvolvidos anteriormente em pacientes consecutivos (com padrão de referência "ouro" aplicado).

RESUMEN Introducción La literatura científica ha sugerido que el tejido adiposo visceral (TAV) está asociado a enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, pero es difícil hacer su medición. Así, la antropometría puede ser empleada por ser de fácil aplicación en la práctica clínica. Objetivos Este estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar y validar ecuaciones de estimativa (Ec) del TAV en militares. Métodos La muestra consistió en 409 (promedio de edad 36,5 ± 6,7 años) militares del Ejército Brasileño (EB) divididos en Grupo de ecuación (GE) (n = 270; promedio de edad 37,0 ± 6,3 años) y Grupo validación (GV) (n = 139; promedio de edad 36,0 ± 7,2 años). Fueron realizados análisis antropométricos, hemodinámicos y de composición corporal por DXA (GE iLunar). Fueron aplicados el teste t de Student, la correlación de Pearson y la regresión linear general Stepwise. Los gráficos de Bland-Altman fueron usados para evaluar la concordancia entre los resultados de TAV por la Ec y por DXA. El nivel de significancia fue de 95% (p <0,05). Resultados Edad, circunferencia de cintura (CC), circunferencia de la cadera y el índice de masa corporal presentaron las principales correlaciones positivas y significativas con TAV-DXA. Fueron creadas cuatro ecuaciones: Ec1 (r2 = 0,793), Ec2 (r2 = 0,810), Ec3 (r2 = 0,817) y Ec4 (r2 = 0,823), p <0,05. No fueron observadas diferencias entre el TAV por DXA por las Ec (p = 0,982, p = 0,970, p = 0,495 y p = 0,698). El análisis de Bland-Altman también presentó buena concordancia, porque el sesgo fue próximo de cero y no estadísticamente significativo. Conclusiones La Ec2 (edad*13,0 + CC*60,0 - 4975.5) fue más adecuada, porque que es más fácil de aplicar, tiene mayor poder predictivo (81,0%), menor sesgo (1,86) y la validación suministró valores promedio de TAV próximos a los encontrados en el DXA. Además, puede ser considerada una herramienta valiosa para otros estudios epidemiológicos extensos en militares del EB y puede ser usada en hombres adultos. Nivel de Evidencia I: Test de criterios diagnósticos desarrollados anteriormente en pacientes consecutivos (con patrón de referencia "oro" aplicado).

Associations between trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio and cardiometabolic risk factors in elderly Japanese men: baseline data from the Fujiwara-kyo Osteoporosis Risk in Men (FORMEN) study

BACKGROUND@#Body mass-independent parameters might be more appropriate for assessing cardiometabolic abnormalities than weight-dependent indices in Asians who have relatively high visceral adiposity but low body fat. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-measured trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio is one such body mass-independent index. However, there are no reports on relationships between DXA-measured regional fat ratio and cardiometabolic risk factors targeting elderly Asian men.@*METHODS@#We analyzed cross-sectional data of 597 elderly men who participated in the baseline survey of the Fujiwara-kyo Osteoporosis Risk in Men (FORMEN) study, a community-based single-center prospective cohort study conducted in Japan. Whole-body fat and regional fat were measured with a DXA scanner. Trunk-to-appendicular fat ratio (TAR) was calculated as trunk fat divided by appendicular fat (sum of arm and leg fat), and trunk-to-leg fat ratio (TLR) as trunk fat divided by leg fat.@*RESULTS@#Both TAR and TLR in the group of men who used ≥ 1 medication for hypertension, dyslipidemia, or diabetes ("user group"; N = 347) were significantly larger than those who did not use such medication ("non-user group"; N = 250) (P < 0.05). After adjusting for potential confounding factors including whole-body fat, both TAR and TLR were significantly associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting serum insulin, and the insulin resistance index in the non-user group and non-overweight men in the non-user group (N = 199).@*CONCLUSION@#The trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio was associated with cardiometabolic risk factors independently of whole-body fat mass. Parameters of the fat ratio may be useful for assessing cardiometabolic risk factors, particularly in underweight to normal-weight populations.

Helical computerized tomography can measure subcutaneous, visceral and total fat areas? / A tomografia helicoidal pode mensurar as áreas de gordura subcutânea, visceral e total?

ABSTRACT Background: Abdominal obesity or android obesity, that is, the increase in adipose tissue in the abdominal region, is considered a risk factor for several morbidities. Different ways of quantifying it have been proposed, one method is the measurement of the abdominal fat area by computed tomography. Aim: To establish correspondence between the groups defined by degree of obesity in relation to the total, subcutaneous and visceral fat area. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study carried out through the analysis of tomographic examinations. Horos v3.3.5 medical image visualization software was used, with abdominal tomography in a single cut including the L4 vertebral body and the umbilical scar, to obtain the areas of total, visceral and subcutaneous fat. Results: Of the 40 patients, 10 had grade II obesity, 23 grade III and 7 superobese. The amount of total fat showed an increase in relation to the degree of obesity. Visceral fat did not show significant differences between the degrees of obesity, but the data showed a lower average in the group of obesity grade II. The area of subcutaneous fat, as well as total fat, showed an increase in its measurements, according to the progression of the patients' BMI, but there was no statistical significance in this difference between the groups of grade II and super-obese individuals. Conclusion: The area of total and subcutaneous fat showed an increase in its measurements according to the progression of the BMI groups, which did not happen with visceral fat.

RESUMO Racional: A obesidade abdominal ou a obesidade androide, isto é, o aumento de tecido adiposo na região abdominal, é considerada fator de risco para diversas morbidades. Diferentes formas de quantificá-la foram propostas, sendo um dos métodos a medida da área da gordura abdominal pela tomografia computadorizada. Objetivo: Estabelecer correspondência entre os grupos definidos por grau de obesidade em relação a área de gordura total, subcutânea e visceral. Métodos: Estudo observacional analítico transversal realizado através da análise de exames tomográficos. Utilizou-se software de visualização de imagens médicas Horos v3.3.5, com tomografia abdominal em um único corte incluindo corpo vertebral de L4 e a cicatriz umbilical, para obter as áreas de gordura total, visceral e subcutânea. Resultados: Dos 40 pacientes 10 apresentavam obesidade grau II, 23 grau III e 7 superobesos. A quantidade de gordura total demonstrou aumento com relação ao grau de obesidade. A gordura visceral não apresentou diferenças significativas entre os graus de obesidade, porém os dados demonstraram média menor no grupo de obesidade grau II. A área de gordura subcutânea, assim como a gordura total, apresentou aumento de suas medidas, conforme a progressão do IMC dos pacientes, porém não houve significância estatística nesta diferença entre os grupos de obesos grau II e superobesos. Conclusão: A área de gordura total e subcutânea apresentaram aumento de suas medidas conforme a progressão dos grupos de IMC, o que não aconteceu com a gordura visceral.

Agreement between software programmes of body composition analyses on abdominal computed tomography scans of obese adults

ABSTRACT Objective A large number of studies have used abdominal computed tomography (CT) to quantify body composition, and different software programmes have been used to perform these analyses. Thus, this comparison is important to enable researchers to know the performance of more accessible software. Subjects and methods Fifty-four abdominal CT scans of obese (BMI 30 to 39.9 kg/m2), sedentary adults (24-41 years) patients from a Brazilian single center were selected. Two software programs were compared: Slice-O-Matic (Tomovision, Canada) version 5.0 and OsiriX version 5.8.5. The body composition analysis were segmented using standard Hounsfield unit (HU) (adipose tissue: -190 to +30 and skeletal muscle: -29 to +150) and measured at the mid third lumbar vertebra (L3) level on a slice showing both transversal processes. Bland-Altman limits of agreement analyses were used to assess the level of agreement between Slice-O-Matic and OsiriX. Results A total of fifty-four participants were evaluated, with majority women (69%), mean of age 31.3 (SD 6.5) years and obesity grade I most prevalent (74.1%). The agreement, in Bland-Altman analysis, between Slice-O-Matic and OsiriX analisys for the muscle mass tissue, visceral adipose tissue and subcutaneous adipose tissue were excellent (≥ 0.954) with P-values < 0.001. Conclusion These findings show that Slice-O-Matic and OsiriX softwares agreement in measurements of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and sarcopenia diagnosis in obese patients, suggesting good applicability in studies with body composition in this population and clinical practice.

Intra-abdominal fat measurement by ultrasonography: association with anthropometry and metabolic syndrome in adolescents / Gordura intra-abdominal medida por ultrassonografia: relação com antropometria e síndrome metabólica em adolescentes

Abstract Objective: To associate intra-abdominal fat thickness measured by ultrasonography to the factors related to metabolic syndrome and to determine cutoff points of intra-abdominal fat measurement associated with a greater chance of metabolic syndrome in adolescents. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, with 423 adolescents from public schools. Intra-abdominal fat was measured by ultrasonography. Anthropometric data were collected, and biochemical analyses were performed. Results: Intra-abdominal fat was measured by ultrasonography, showing a statistically significant association with the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (p = 0.037), body mass index (p < 0.001), elevated triglyceride levels (p = 0.012), decreased plasma HDL levels (p = 0.034), and increased systemic blood pressure values (p = 0.023). Cutoff values of intra-abdominal fat thickness measurements were calculated by ultrasound to estimate the individuals most likely to develop metabolic syndrome. In the logistic regression models, the cutoff values that showed the highest association with metabolic syndrome in males were 4.50, 5.35, 5.46, 6.24, and 6.50 cm for the ages of 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18/19 years, respectively. In the female gender, the cutoff values defined for the same age groups were 4.46, 4.55, 4.45, 4.90, and 6.46 cm. In an overall analysis using the ROC curve, without gender and age stratification, the cut-off of 3.67 cm showed good sensitivity, but low specificity. Conclusion: Ultrasonography is a useful method to estimate intra-abdominal adipose tissue in adolescents, which is associated with the main factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Resumo Objetivo: Relacionar a espessura da gordura intra-abdominal medida pela ultrassonografia aos fatores ligados à síndrome metabólica. Determinar pontos de corte da medida da gordura intra-abdominal associados a uma maior chance de síndrome metabólica em adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo seccional, com 423 adolescentes de escolas públicas. A gordura intra-abdominal foi medida pela ultrassonografia. Foram coletados dados antropométricos e feitas análises bioquímicas. Resultados: As medidas da gordura intra-abdominal por ultrassonografia apresentaram associação estatisticamente significativa com o diagnóstico de síndrome metabólica (p = 0,037), índice de massa corporal (p < 0,001), níveis elevados de triglicerídeos (p = 0,012), redução dos níveis plasmáticos de HDL (p = 0,034) e aumento da pressão arterial sistêmica (p = 0,023). Calcularam-se pontos de corte da medida da espessura da gordura intra-abdominal por ultrassom, para estimar os indivíduos com mais chance para o desenvolvimento de síndrome metabólica. Em modelos de regressão logística, os pontos de corte que apresentaram maior associação com a síndrome metabólica no sexo masculino foram de 4,50, 5,35, 5,46, 6,24 e 6,50 cm para as idades de 14, 15, 16, 17 e 18/19 anos, respectivamente. No sexo feminino, os pontos de corte definidos para as mesmas faixas etárias foram de 4,46, 4,55, 4,45, 4,90 e 6,46 cm. Em análise global por meio da curva ROC, sem estratificações por sexo e idade, o ponto de corte de 3,67 cm teve boa sensibilidade, porém apresentou baixa especificidade. Conclusão: A ultrassonografia é um método útil para a estimativa do tecido adiposo intra-abdominal em adolescentes, está associada com os principais fatores relacionados à obesidade e à síndrome metabólica.

Waist circumference measurement sites and their association with visceral and subcutaneous fat and cardiometabolic abnormalities

ABSTRACT Objectives: To estimate the degree of variability of the waist circumference (WC) when obtained in different anatomical sites and compare the performance of the measurement sites as predictors of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and cardiometabolic abnormalities. Subjects and methods: Cross-sectional study involving 119 individuals with overweight (50.3 ± 12.2 years), in which six WC measurement sites were evaluated (minimal waist, immediately below the lowest rib, midpoint between the lowest rib and the iliac crest, 2 cm above the umbilicus, immediately above the iliac crest, umbilicus level), in addition to the VAT and SAT (quantified by computed tomography) and cardiometabolic parameters. Results: The differences between the measurements ranged from 0.2 ± 2.7 cm to 6.9 ± 6.7 cm for men, and from 0.1 ± 3.7 cm to 10.1 ± 4.3 cm for women. The minimum waist showed significant correlation with VAT (r = 0.70) and with a higher number of cardiometabolic parameters among men. Regarding women, the WC measurement showed high correlation with SAT and moderate correlation with VAT, not being found superiority of one measurement protocol in relation to the others when assessed the correlation with VAT and with cardiometabolic parameters. Conclusions: Greater variability between the measuring sites was observed among women. With respect to men, the minimum waist performed better as a predictor of VAT and cardiometabolic alterations.

Effects of chronic consumption of green tea on weight and body fat distribution of Wistar rats evaluated by computed tomography

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effects of chronic consumption of green tea on body weight and distribution of visceral fat by Computed tomography in female Wistar rats. Methods: Wistar rats were divided into control group (n = 5), which received water and feed ad libitum, and green tea group (n = 8), in which water has been replaced by green tea. The animals were weighed weekly and Computed Tomography was used at the beginning (1st week) and end (18th week) of the experiment for evaluating the distribution of visceral fat. The animals were followed for 18 weeks. Results: There was no significant difference in body weight between the groups. However, there was significant difference in visceral fat area. The green tea group had less visceral fat area at the end of the experiment, 3.67 ± 1.2 cm2, while the control group showed an area of 6.25 ± 2.2 cm (p = 0.00). Conclusions: Chronic consumption of green tea leads to decreased visceral adipose tissue area.

Visceral Obesity If Associated with Gallbladder Polyps

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Gallbladder polyps (GBP) are a common clinical finding and may possess malignant potential. We conducted this study to determine whether visceral obesity is a risk factor for GBP. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed records of subjects who received both ultrasonography and computed tomography with measurements of the areas of visceral adipose tissue and total adipose tissue (TAT) on the same day as health checkups. RESULTS: Ninety-three of 1,615 subjects (5.8%) had GBP and were compared with 186 age- and sex-matched controls. VAT (odds ratio [OR], 2.941; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.325 to 6.529; p=0.008 for the highest quartile vs the lowest quartile) and TAT (OR, 3.568; 95% CI, 1.625 to 7.833; p=0.002 for the highest quartile vs the lowest quartile) were independent risk factors together with hypertension (OR, 2.512; 95% CI, 1.381 to 4.569; p=0.003), diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.942; 95% CI, 1.061 to 8.158; p=0.038), hepatitis B virus positivity (OR, 3.548; 95% CI, 1.295 to 9.716; p=0.014), and a higher level of total cholesterol (OR, 2.232; 95% CI, 1.043 to 4.778; p=0.039 for or =240 mg/dL). Body mass index and waist circumference were not meaningful variables. CONCLUSIONS: Visceral obesity measured by VAT and TAT was associated with GBP irrespective of body mass index or waist circumference.

Epicardial fat thickness obese patients an observational echocardiographic study

Obesity currently affects nearly one-third of the population in the industrialized world. Traditionally, anthropometric measures such as body mass index [BMI] or waist circumference have been used to quantify overall adiposity; however, regional fat depots may be of greater importance than overall adiposity. Several studies have highlighted pericardial fat and abdominal visceral adipose tissue [VAT] as unique, pathogenic fat depot. Recognize the relation of obesity to increase epicardial fat pad thickness in Iraqi patients. Epicardial fat thickness was measured in 62 consecutive subjects [28 women 45%, 34 men 55%] mean age of 47.77 years [SD 8.03], using routine transthoracic echocardiogram. Epicardial fat was identified as the echo-free space between the outer wall of the myocardium and the visceral layer of the pericardium, and its thickness was measured perpendicularly on the free wall of the right ventricle at end-systole. The results show progressive increase of epicardial fat with increasing BMI which was very significant statistically. High mean epicardial fat is significantly associate with increasing waist circumference. No difference in those below and above 45 years of age in mean epicardial fat and there is gender difference in epicardial fat, where males had more epicardial fat than females. There is increase in the epicardial fat pad thickness in overweight and obese [BMI >/= 25] patients if compared to normal persons epicardial fat increase with increasing waist circumference more likely in male obese and independent on age.

Gender Differences in Diagnostic Values of Visceral Fat Area and Waist Circumference for Predicting Metabolic Syndrome in Koreans

Abdominal fat accumulation is known to be strongly implicated in development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). We examined diagnostic values of obesity-related parameters in 95 men and 185 women, and we determined optimal cutoff values of visceral fat area (VFA) and waist circumference (WC) for predicting the presence of multiple non-adipose components of MetS. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that VFA was the best indicator of MetS. WC and VFA exhibited similar diagnostic values for men and postmenopausal women, whereas WC was inferior to VFA for premenopausal women (area under ROC curve of VFA and WC was 0.76 and 0.52, respectively; P < 0.001). Optimal cutoff points of VFA and WC for predicting MetS were 136 cm2 and 89 cm in men and 95 cm2 and 82 cm in women, respectively. Subjects with VFA and WC above these cutoff values exhibited increased insulin resistance and increased carotid intima-media thickness. In conclusion, WC has a diagnostic value similar to VFA for predicting MetS in men and postmenopausal women, but not in premenopausal women. Further studies are necessary to develop a simple clinical parameter that reflects visceral fat in premenopausal women.

Impact of Visceral Adiposity Measured by Abdominal Computed Tomography on Pulmonary Function

Although an inverse relationship between abdominal adiposity and pulmonary function has been suggested, direct measurement of abdominal adipose tissue has rarely been attempted. Our object is to determine the impact of abdominal adiposity on pulmonary function by directly measuring abdominal adipose tissue with abdominal computed tomography (CT). In this cross-sectional study, we included never-smokers between the ages of 18 and 85 yr, who had undergone spirometry and abdominal adipose tissue analysis with CT scans during November 1, 2005 to October 31, 2009 as part of the comprehensive health examination. Among a total of 3,469 participants, 890 (25.7%) were male. The mean body mass index and waist circumference among males and females were 24.6 kg/m2 and 87.8 cm and 23.0 kg/m2 and 83.0 cm, respectively. Although total adipose tissue (TAT) of the abdomen in males (269.1 cm2) was similar to that in females (273.6 cm2), the ratio of visceral adipose tissue (VAT)/subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) was different; 0.99 in males and 0.50 in females. In males, TAT, SAT, and VAT were inversely associated with the absolute value of forced vital capacity (FVC), and TAT and VAT were inversely associated with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). However, in females, TAT and VAT, but not SAT, were inversely associated with absolute FVC and FEV1 values. In conclusion, the amount of abdominal adipose tissue directly measured using CT is inversely associated with lung function.